Both India and Pakistan maintain permanent military presence in the region at a height of over 6,000 metres (20,000 ft), and continue to . Finally, we averaged the SLAs from the different images to obtain the best estimate of the ELA of 5250m a.s.l. As we move further into the winter season the weather becomes freezing cold with December and January being the harshest months. Life at Siachen- World's highest battleground - One World News What is the Siachen Glacier Dispute? - Jagran Josh Changes in area and length of Siachen Glacier, 19802014, DEM difference error statistics before and after co-registration, Estimates of elevation change and mass budget for Siachen Glacier for 19992007. However, spatial heterogeneity needs to be taken into account when assessing how mass budget might affect velocity patterns and vice versa. The Cartosat-I DEM was geocoded in the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system; zone 43N, with a grid size of 30m. The SRTM DEM was projected into the UTM coordinate system and then resampled bilinearly from 90m to 30m resolution in order to make it conformable with the Cartosat-I DEM. However, since the hydrological method involves differencing of hydrologic variables with large magnitudes such as runoff, evapotranspiration and precipitation over the entire catchment, it is prone to large relative errors making the method less reliable (Zaman and Liu, Reference Zaman and Liu2015). All acquisitions were along orbit 523 (Table 3). SRTM data have been used as a reference DEM in a number of glaciological studies to generate elevation difference maps by comparing them with recent (Berthier and others, Reference Berthier2007; Paul and Haeberli, Reference Paul and Haeberli2008) and historical DEMs (Surazakov and Aizen, Reference Surazakov and Aizen2006; Schiefer and others, Reference Schiefer, Menounos and Wheate2007; Pieczonka and others, Reference Pieczonka, Bolch, Wie and Liu2013) and with repeat-track ICESAT data (Kb and others, Reference Kb, Berthier, Nuth, Gardelle and Arnaud2012; Neckel and others, Reference Neckel, Kropacek, Bolch and Hochschild2014). . The same procedure was followed to calculate the average elevation changes for the ablation and accumulation regions. Earlier studies of glacier dynamics in the Eastern Karakoram ranges have reported increases in surface velocity (Heid and Kb, Reference Heid and Kb2012) with average stable termini (Scherler and others, Reference Scherler, Bookhagen and Strecker2011; Bhambri and others, Reference Bhambri2013). Siachen, The World's Highest Battlefield | Amusing Planet Offset tracking measurements made along the slant-range (incidence angle is ~35 for ALOS PALSAR observations) and azimuth directions are combined to retrieve horizontal displacements on the ground. Total loading time: 0 It lies in the Karakoram Range of mountains at the altitude of 5,400 meters above sea level. Liu, Qiao Minus 57 Degree Celsius In Siachen, Troops Face Avalanches 8. Similarly, the accumulation area method suggested by Kulkarni and others (Reference Kulkarni, Rathore, Singh and Bahuguna2011) uses empirical, field-based relationships and can only be extrapolated to glaciers that lie within a certain climatic region (Kulkarni and others, Reference Kulkarni, Rathore and Alex2004). Also shown is the 1 standard deviation confidence region (red lines). The status of glaciers in the Karakoram has a direct impact on some of the key components of the global water cycle, global mean sea-level rise (Gardelle and others, Reference Gardelle, Berthier and Arnaud2012), freshwater availability and the risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods and droughts. This adjustment was very critical for shadow regions and accumulation areas of glaciers since they lack sufficient contrast, causing errors in parallax determination. This helps to regulate the flow of rivers and streams, providing a steady supply of water for irrigation, drinking, and hydroelectric power generation. } Inset shows complete area of Siachen Glacier. The 68.3% quantile was added to the error of the mosaicked Cartosat-I DEM to yield a final error estimate of 2m for the entire study area (Table 7). Profile lines AA to GG run from accumulation to ablation area while profile lines HH to JJ are cross-profiles running from left to right (looking down-glacier). India and Pakistan both claim the area and have thousands of soldiers stationed there. S1). Negi, Harendra Singh Watson, C. Scott The velocity information from 2007 to 2008 for this tributary shows no abnormal behavior and hence indicates that the active phase of the possible surge was over by then. Negi, H.S. The velocity estimates are for the period 26 January 200911 December 2008. Uncertainties are 2.0m for elevation changes and 0.004md1 for velocities. 10. The Siachen Glacier is positioned from northwest to southeast. We could not perform any curvature correction since Siachen Glacier is a gently sloping glacier (average slope of 13) with most of the area having maximum curvature values between 1 and 0 (Gardelle and others, Reference Gardelle, Berthier and Arnaud2012). Photogramm. Shahgedanova, Maria 5. Immerzeel, Walter W. Elevation changes, averaged along each profile after correction for C-band penetration are for the period 25 November 200711 to 20 October 1999. For manually delineated boundaries using the Hexagon scene of 1980, we assumed a mapping uncertainty of ~8m (i.e. The difficulty faced by the army here is in plenty. The major passes on this ridge are, from north to south, Sia La at 5,589 m . a1, respectively. The red line shows the ELA of 5250m. Siachen Glacier lies within the altitude range of 34007300m a.s.l. The temperature dips to minus 60 degrees in the winter. 5 Facts About Siachen Glacier, World's Highest Battlefield, You Didn Agarwal, Vibhor hasContentIssue false. The height of this region varies from 19,000 feet to 25,000 feet. For glacier mapping, nearly cloud free scenes (cloud cover <30%) acquired at the end of the ablation period (starting from July to August) with minimal seasonal snow were used (Table 1). Considering the differences between each individual scene to be independent and using the principle of error propagation, we computed a RMSE of 1.2m in the final mosaicked Cartosat-I DEM and this was considered as the uncertainty of the mosaicked DEM. Siachen Glacier also boasts of the world's highest helipad built by India at Point Sonam, 21,000 ft (6,400 m) above the sea level, to supply its troops. Get live Share Market updates and latest India News and . Shown by the black line is the debris-covered tongue as delineated manually. The severe climate even freezes your sweat. Bhushan, Shashank Kulkarni, Anil V. Smoothed difference between SRTM-X and SRTM-C (blue line), which was applied to correct the penetration of the C-band radar beam. Let's work together to keep the conversation civil. It can be a deadly . Elevation changes observed here are spatially heterogeneous with accumulation regions at higher altitudes showing thickening, while ablation zones at lower altitudes show characteristic thinning (Fig. Pieczonka, Tino We would like to thank the European Space Agency for providing the Envisat data under the AOE 668 project. 6). To get a clear picture of elevation changes across the whole glacier, profiles of elevation differences (after penetration correction) were constructed along the main trunk and tributaries of Siachen Glacier. The exposed-ice area has decreased by 1.3% from 1980 to 2014 while the debris-covered area has increased by 10.5% during the same period (Table 5). Offset tracking of L-band SAR images is a robust and direct technique for estimating glacier motion (Rignot, Reference Rignot2008; Strozzi and others, Reference Strozzi, Koureav, Wegmlle, Sharoy and Werner2008; Pohjola and others, Reference Pohjola2011). a1 for the period 200008 reported by Gardelle and others (Reference Gardelle, Berthier, Arnaud and Kb2013). In fact, it is a glacier and the second-longest in the non-polar areas of the world. Negi, H. S. Among the debris-covered areas, the region between exposed ice and the debris-covered snout (with an elevation range of 36003700m) demonstrates the highest thinning with a mean value of 30m. One probable cause of the downwasting might be the presence of glacial lakes, which can be seen along the main trunk and along the lower western tributary glaciers. The letters (AH) in the figure refer to the trace of the particular profile line; for example, letter A refers to the trace of the profile line AA. a1) is roughly comparable with the +0.140.14m w.e. Army personnel here are posted for a period of three months only. In general, glacier velocity during the summer acquisition (8 June 200724 July 2007) period is greater than the velocity during the winter acquisition (11 December 200826 January 2009) period (Fig. and Fig. For generating velocity maps, we utilized wintertime ALOS PALSAR data, acquired on 11 December 2008 and 26 January 2009 in fine beam single (FBS) mode and summertime data acquired on 8 June 2007 and 24 July 2007 in fine beam dual (FBD) mode. At the height of 6000 ft, the Siachen Glacier is the world's highest battleground. Siachen Glacier open to tourists! Everything you must know before Nearly two-thirds of the annual snowfall in these areas occurs under the influence of extra tropical cyclones known as western disturbances, primarily during the winter season (Bhutiyani, Reference Bhutiyani1999). The offset field between pairs of ALOS PALSAR satellite data acquired with a 46-day interval was used for the estimation of glacier velocities. Thus the area near the glacier snout, where the ground is exposed, shows better coherence in contrast to the pixels of the surrounding glacier (Atwood and others, Reference Atwood, Meyer and Arendt2010; Frey and others, Reference Frey, Paul and Strozzi2012). The Karakoram Range, comprising ~18800km2 of glacier area (Bolch and others, Reference Bolch2012), accounts for nearly 3% of the total area of ice outside the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica (Cogley, Reference Cogley2012). In order to support the identification of the debris-covered tongue and to study changes in snout position, we have used coherence mapping, which relies on high-precision interferometric techniques utilizing SAR data. 7. Both countries maintain a permanent military presence in the region at a height of over 6,000 m (20,000 ft). If we talk about the temperatures in the region, the severity of the weather can be gauged from the fact that the day temperature during winters settles between -50 degrees and -60 degrees Celsius which can definitely make survival for a human being near impossible. Ganju, A. A 60-km Trek to the World's Highest Battlefield, Siachen - NDTV.com and To overcome noise and isolated pixels in an automated manner, a 33 median filter was applied. Photogramm. Chen, Xiaoqing (ad) Represent the interferometric pairs (Table 2). Further, earlier reported expansion of high-relief glaciers in the Karakoram (Hewitt, Reference Hewitt2005) was later negated by Bhambri and others (Reference Bhambri2013) and Minora and others (Reference Minora2016), who reported heterogeneous glacier behavior but on average no significant change in the Upper Shyok Valley, NE Karakoram since 1970 and in Central Karakoram since 2000. 1. DEM difference error statistics before and after co-registration. The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern . It is the second-largest glacier in the world's non-polar areas and Karakoram's longest glacier. Six decades of glacier mass balance observations a review of the worldwide monitoring network. 4. Gantayat, Prateek Elevation changes along profiles AA to GG (Fig. Similarly, profile BB has shown thinning near the point B, where it meets the glacier trunk. Wang, Wenling On days, when the weather goes to an extreme, the world's highest battleground has zero visibility. Siachen Glacier Leh Ladakh - Largest Glacier in the World | Ladakh Tour Everest area/Nepal using spaceborne imagery, Landsat-based inventory of glaciers in western Canada, 19852005, Multi-decadal mass loss of glaciers in the Everest area (Nepal.Himalaya), Glacier velocities across the central Karakoram, Expanded and recently increased glacier surging in the Karakoram, Compilation of a glacier inventory for the western Himalayas from satellite data: methods, challenges and results, Estimating the volume of glaciers in the HimalayanKarakoram region using different methods, Slight mass gain of Karakoram glaciers in the early twenty-first century, Region-wide glacier mass balances over the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya during 19992011, Comparison of three methods of mass-balance determination in the Tuyuksu glacier region, Tien Shan, Central Asia, Repeat optical satellite images reveal widespread and long term decrease in land-terminating glacier speeds, The Karakoram Anomaly? . Arch. Siachen Glacier: Facts and Environmental Concerns [UPSC Notes] - BYJU'S and The Siachen Glacier is the highest and coldest battlefield in the world at an average altitude of 20,000 feet. Trekking up will certainly lead to sweat, and then this sweat in the high altitude freezes and becomes icy. Siachen: The place of wild roses - Pakistan - DAWN.COM Siachen Glacier - NASA Earth Observatory This is likely to be caused by downwasting of ice in the lower ablation reaches near the terminus of the glacier. The Siachen Glacier is located near Indo-Pak Line of Control. All Cartosat-I scenes of the year 2007 were pre-processed using PCI Geomatica OrthoEngine 10.2. The distal part of this boundary retreated by nearly 1.3km during the short-time span of 2007 to 2014, even though it remained practically unchanged prior to that (Fig. The adjusted DEM shows significant improvement in the standard deviation (with and without outlier removal), which reflects a good fit of the two DEMs after co-registration. Arendt, Anthony A. with an average elevation of 5500m a.s.l. Significance of Glaciers Some of the Ecosystem Services provided are: Water Regulation: Glaciers act as natural reservoirs, storing and releasing water as the seasons change. Siachen is also considered as one of the most difficult terrains for human habitation, particularly during winters. This is after all the sub-zero location where Indian army is posted, and fought the Siachen war. Data pre-processing involved radiometric enhancements using a locally-adaptive Wallis filter, which adjusts the brightness of greyscale images in local areas as opposed to other global filters (Pieczonka and others, Reference Pieczonka, Bolch, Wie and Liu2013). And they should not be more than 30 years age. Velocity patterns along profiles AA to GG for the period 11 Dec 200826 Jan 2009 (Fig. Kanda, Neha The elevation differences obtained after DEM and penetration correction were averaged within 100m altitude intervals (from 3400 to 7300m), and the average elevation change for the entire Siachen Glacier was computed as an area-weighted average of elevation change in each altitude range. The western tributary glaciers, particularly those joining the main trunk at lower elevations, show anomalous behavior in terms of their average velocity, which is lower than that of the main trunk. Location of Siachen Glacier. The western tributary glaciers and lower ablation area of Siachen Glacier are sites of low ice flux. Shekhar, Chander . And because of the terrain, there is no airstrip for fixed-wing planes to land. The three tributary glaciers with an area >100km2 show on average thickening because their accumulation areas are large in proportion to their ablation areas. Refrain from posting comments that are obscene, defamatory or inflammatory, and do not indulge in personal attacks, name calling or inciting hatred against any community. Map displaying the traces of profile lines used to construct elevation change and velocity patterns for different glaciers. 6). Forget another person, it is hard enough to even see your own hand when you hold it in front of you. Sinha, Debanjan Also shown is the 1 standard deviation confidence region (red lines). The Siachen Glacier is a glacier located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalayas at about , just northeast of the point . The study by Gardelle and others (Reference Gardelle, Berthier, Arnaud and Kb2013) also covered Siachen Glacier. For a FBS with ground-range pixel spacing of 7.5m and an azimuthal pixel spacing of ~3m, two-dimensional (2-D) ice velocities can be computed with an expected error of 0.8m in 46 days or ~10m a1. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Since DEM errors increase with increasing slope (Jacobsen, Reference Jacobsen2005) we restricted the accuracy assessment to regions with slopes <30 (Pieczonka and others, Reference Pieczonka, Bolch and Buchroithner2011). Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Details of Envisat ASAR images used as pairs for the computation of coherence images. First, everything that has to be delivered here weather it is food or any other essentials has to be through air, which means via helicopters having limited capacity. Area and mass changes of Siachen Glacier (East Karakoram) Vincent, Christian Kumar, Amit Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of Siachen Glacier (East Karakoram), in terms of its area and elevation change, velocity variations and mass budget, utilizing different satellite datasets including Landsat, Hexagon, Cartosat-I, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar and Japanese Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array-type L-band SAR. Coherence () is a measure of spatial correlation between two SAR acquisitions. 6). Extent of exposed-ice on the lower tongue for 19802014. Siachen Glacier-Download PDF Here . The tributary with profile BB shows near-zero velocity in most of the accumulation area and lower portions of the ablation area but higher velocity in the middle. Hewitt, Kenneth Kumar, Kamal With temperatures reaching way below zero degree, oxygen deprivation poses a grave danger. Usmanova, Zamira Bhutiyani (Reference Bhutiyani1999) made an independent study of hydrologic mass budget for Siachen Glacier during 19861991 and obtained a large negative mass budget of 0.51m w.e. Zero Visibility. Siachen Base Camp (India) - Wikipedia Glacier expansion and the Elevation Effect, Karakoram Himalaya, Glacier change, concentration, and elevation effects in the Karakoram Himalaya, upper Indus basin, Accuracy assessment of digital elevation models by means of robust statistical methods, Methoden und Moglichkeiten von Massenhaushaltsstudien auf Gletschern: Ergebnisse der Messreihe Hintereisferner (tztaler Alpen) 19531968 [Waysandmeansofstudiesof glacier massbalance], Density assumptions for converting geodetic glacier volume change to mass change, Rising river flows throughout the twenty-first century in two Himalayan glacierized watersheds, Climate change will affect the Asian water towers, Analysis of digital elevation models based on space information, New strategies for European remote sensing, Contrasting patterns of early twenty-first-century glacier mass change in the Himalayas, A manual for monitoring the mass balance of mountain glaciers, Monitoring of glacial mass balance in the Baspa basin using Accumulation Area Ratio method, Understanding changes in the Himalayan Cryosphere using remote sensing techniques, A system to combine stratigraphic and annual mass balance systems: a contribution to the International Hydrological decade, Glacier area stability in the Central Karakoram National Park (Pakistan) in 20012010, Glacier mass changes on the Tibetan Plateau 20032009 derived from ICESat laser altimetry measurements, Calculating ice melt beneath a debris layer using meteorological data, Elevation changes of glaciers revealed by multitemporal digital elevation models calibrated by GPS survey in the Khumbu region, Nepal Himalaya, 19922008, Co-registration and bias corrections of satellite elevation datasets for quantifying glacier thickness change, Photogrammetric processing of hexagon stereo data for change detection studies. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. The next step in DEM generation was to compute the satellite stereo model, in order to determine the ground position of each point in the stereo scene. Siachen Glacier & The Hidden Treasures of Glacier in India [MAP] 2023 In this process a second-order trend surface was calculated for all ice-free areas and added to the DEM (Pieczonka and others, Reference Pieczonka, Bolch and Buchroithner2011). Changes in area and length of Siachen Glacier, 19802014. Understanding Siachen Glacier, what happens on world's highest Details of the optical image datasets used. One probable reason for this interesting observation is that debris-covered parts lying near the glacier margins have lower velocities compared with the exposed-ice parts located in the middle and having higher velocities (Fig. This means that you cannot see clearly in front of you. Area and mass changes of Siachen Glacier (East Karakoram), Department of Applied Geology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India, Divsion of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zrich, Switzerland, Institute for Cartography, Technische Universitt Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany, Gamma Remote Sensing, Gmligen, Switzerland, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India, Reference Immerzeel, Pellicciotti and Bierkens, Reference Immerzeel, van Beek and Bierkens, Reference Kulkarni, Rathore, Singh and Bahuguna, Reference Nuimura, Fujita, Yamaguch and Sharma, Reference Gardelle, Berthier, Arnaud and Kb, Reference Scherler, Bookhagen and Strecker, Reference Kb, Berthier, Nuth, Gardelle and Arnaud, Reference Tiwari, Pande, Punia and Dadhwal, Reference Pieczonka, Bolch and Buchroithner, Reference Padmanabha, Shashivardhan Reddy, Narender, Muralikrishnan and Dadhwal, Reference Neckel, Kropacek, Bolch and Hochschild, Reference Strozzi, Koureav, Wegmlle, Sharoy and Werner, Reference Jarvis, Reuter, Nelson and Guevara, $${\rm dh} = a \cdot \tan \alpha \cdot \cos \;(b - \psi ) + \; {\rm dh}{\rm ^{\prime}}$$, Reference Berthier, Arnaud, Vincent and Rmy, Reference Seehaus, Marinsek, Helm, Skvarca and Braun, Reference Hagg, Braun, Uvarov and Makarevicha, Reference Ragettli, Bolch and Pellicciotti, Reference Bolch, Buchroithner, Peters, Baessler and Bajracharya, Reference Bel, Mayer, Smiraglia and Tamburini, Using L-Band SAR coherence to delineate glacier extent, Reconstruction of the annual mass balance of Chhota Shigri glacier, Western Himalaya, India since 1969, Multivariate controls on the incidence of glacier surging in the Karakoram Himalaya, The recent evolution of Liligo glacier, Karakoram, Pakistan, and its present quiescent phase, Biases of SRTM in high-mountain areas: implications for the monitoring of glacier volume changes, Remote sensing estimates of glacier mass balances in the Himachal Pradesh (Western Himalaya, India), Heterogeneity in glacier response in the upper Shyok valley, northeast Karakoram, Overall recession and mass budget of Gangotri Glacier, Garhwal Himalayas, from 1965 to 2015 using remote sensing data, Mass-balance studies on Siachen Glacier in the Nubra valley, Karakoram Himalaya, India, Glacier area and mass changes since 1964 in the Ala Archa Valley, Kyrgyz Ala-Too, northern Tien Shan, Identification of glacier motion and potentially dangerous glacier lakes at Mt. Cartosat-1: evaluating mapping capabilities, Four years of mass balance on ChhotaShigri Glacier, Himachal Pradesh, India, a new benchmark glacier in the western Himalaya, Global glacier changes: facts and figures, United Nations Environment Programme, World Glacier Monitoring Service. Siachen conflict - Wikipedia Our study shows that while the snout has been stable during the period 19802014, the transition between exposed and debris-covered ice advanced down-glacier between 1980 and 2007 and retreated rapidly up-glacier (by ~1.3km) thereafter (200714). The Siachen Glacier is bordered to the north by the great drainage divide, a divide separating the Indian Subcontinent and the Eurasia n Plate in the Karakoram region. Feature Flags: { The greater velocity of Siachen Glacier during summer can be attributed to basal lubrication caused by sub-glacial water flow during the ablation period (Copland and others, Reference Copland2009). Our average penetration correction of 3.2m for Eastern and Western Karakoram glaciers is similar to the average penetration of 3.4m computed over Karakoram glaciers by Gardelle and others (Reference Gardelle, Berthier, Arnaud and Kb2013). a1 for 19992007 (Table 7) considering the density scenario 1 (uniform density) and 0.050.18m w.e. On November 18, an avalanche claimed the lives of Indian 4 army personnel and 2 civilian porters. However, the general pattern reveals decreasing velocities towards the tongue and very low velocities on the frontal part of the tongue. * Used for glacier mapping in places of non-coverage of Cartosat-I scenes. The region is home to rare species including snow leopard, brown bear and ibex that are at risk because of the military presence in the region. It seems that the balanced mass budget of Siachen Glacier is not a recent phenomenon since Zaman and Liu (Reference Zaman and Liu2015) reported a mass budget with upper and lower bounds of +0.22 and 0.23m w.e. Comparison of the boundary generated using coherence mapping with that created manually reveals good fit between the two (Figs 2ad). According to Nuth and Kb (Reference Nuth and Kb2011), elevation difference, slope and aspect of non-glacierized pixels are related by the following equations: and dh, and represent elevation differences at individual pixels, terrain slope and aspect, respectively. Siachen Glacier is the largest glacier in the entire Karakoram Range and extends between the latitudes of 3510N-3542N and longitudes 7646E-7725E (Fig. Like many other Himalayan and Karakoram glaciers, Siachen Glacier has not been monitored adequately owing to remoteness and years of military conflict in the area. Siachen Glacier at a height of over 18,000 feet is the world's highest battle field. Pandit, Ankur The average velocity for the entire glacier during 11 December 200826 January 2009 is 12.30.4cmd1. By: Express Web Desk New Delhi | Updated: January 4, 2023 07:42 IST Follow Us Captain Shiva Chouhan at Siachen glacier. While the tributary with profile DD shows decreasing velocities throughout its length, those with GG and EE show relatively low velocities persistent through the entire length of the accumulation and ablation areas. This approach is different from that of Kb and others (Reference Kb, Berthier, Nuth, Gardelle and Arnaud2012), who used an average penetration correction of 2.40.3m for the Karakoram glaciers. According to senior meteorologists at Skymet. Rahman, G. K. M. Mustafizur Here we used the SRTM3 V2 without void filling, which was provided by NASA in 2002 (http://dds.cr.usgs.gov/-srtm/version2_1/SRTM3/) (Table 1). Kraaijenbrink, Philip D. A. Aside from the Indian and Pakistani military presence, the glacier region is unpopulated. However the changes we describe above is in reference to the main trunk of Siachen Glacier only. International destinations you can fly to directly from Mumbai, Turkey's most delicious: 15 dishes you must've here, For the Mowgli in you: Beautiful Indian forests, Most beautiful fort cities and towns in India, New York: Wonderful tourist attractions for first-time visitors.